Ethics and Undocumented Immigrants - 1883 Words

Ethics and Undocumented Immigrants Undocumented immigration is a controversial topic these days. There are many factors that make it so. There are many ethical issues involved with undocumented immigration, and they stem from the fact that undocumented immigrants are not officially recorded as being in the country. Undocumented immigration is also commonly termed as â€Å"illegal† immigration, and what makes it illegal is when a person flees their native country into another country while violating the immigration laws of the destination country. Before getting into the ethical issues surrounding undocumented immigrants, it is important to understand both what causes people to become undocumented immigrants, and what effects†¦show more content†¦We have heard many times over the years that illegal immigrants are doing the work that Americans would not do. However, illegal immigrants are not just picking crops and digging ditches anymore. It was not that long ago that a painter, roofer, plumber, electrician, carpenter or landscaper was a decently paid middle class skill. Now it is becoming the work for illegal immigrants at far less than the average rate. While illegal immigrants are only making up a small percent of these jobs their willingness to work at such a slashed rate of the average price, the lower rates downsize the compensation for the other workers. When the poor and under educated American citizens live off welfare they are not going to settle for long hours at minimum wage working low class jobs. However, when shortages of those jobs are evident the forces of supply and demand come into play and the compensation of those jobs will rise to attract more workers. And at some point those jobs will pay more than living off welfare. There are also side affects to doing work that Americans would not do at such low wages. One is that it increases the load on the welfare systems as there are fewer working poor and more welfare recipients. Illegal immigrants who are paid off the books do not contribute to social security, which is one of the reasons there is not enoughShow MoreRelatedPlan Of Action Plan Analysis1245 Words   |  5 Pagesto everyone who walked through our clinic doors, even if they did not have the means to pay for treatment or where undocumented immigrants. Sadly, due to the funding cuts we had to make, our clinic will no longer be providing this same level of care to those who walk through our doors. Until we can re-expand our hospital funding to its glory we will be referring undocumented immigrants who do not need emergency care to neighboring clinics and hospitals that can provide them the care we cannot currentlyRead MoreThe Latino : Hard Work Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration is not an unheard of occurrence in the United States. The portrayal of undocumented individuals, however, continues to be an everlasting issue that clouds the nation’s judgement of other cultures. The â€Å"American Dream† has been the notion that propels many undocumented worker’s ambitions and aspirations to relentlessly work hard, especially for those who have immigrated to the United States, but undocumented workers are often faced with complex adversities and obstacles that extend beyondRead MoreSanctuary Cities Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesIn a quest to solve the question of if the new law (SB4) harmful or necessary, I think that this new law is necessary to keep out illegal immigrants. This new law requires city council members, members of the county commissions court or other governing bodies, sheriffs, district and city attorneys and even campus police of colleges and universities in the effort to enforce it. People that get to be here illegally should be held accountable for their actions. Sanctuary cities are not necessary inRead MoreImmigration Reform : A Very Touchy Subject858 Words   |  4 Pagesestimated to have 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. According to Berman by â€Å"[r]emoving all 11.2 million undocumented immigrants, both forcibly and through Mitt Romney s infamous self-deportation policy, would take about 20 years and cost the government between $400 billion and $600 billion† (Berman, 2015, para. 3). The 11 million undocumented immigrants is estimate and not a hard number. I believe there is a lot more undocumented immigrants that would raise estimated costRead MoreDemonstrating Effective Leadership Case Study 29 730 Words   |  3 PagesRepresentative, Randy Richards, organized a press conference coveting to sway a proposal for a bill to a avert state agencies and other health care providers from offering prenatal care to undocumented immigrants and billing the cost to Medicaid (Sharp, 2011, p. 72). In the press conference, he accuses undocumented immigrants from coming to the United States to take advantage of the Medicaid system by taking services away from the American Citizens who pay into the system with their taxes. When the floorRead MoreEssay The Situation for Refugees and Immigrants in the USA1305 Words   |  6 Pagesallure to prospective immigrants is in its promise of equal opportunity for all, regardless of race, creed, or color. But the pressures of rising unemployment rates, congested cities, a crippled healthcare system, and national debt skyrocketing out of control have caused America to defend her borders against the influx of immigrants that threaten her already ailing economy. Still, despite all the heightened security measures incorporated in recent decades, a steady stream of immigrants continue to enterRead MoreCommunity Health Center for the Uninsured and Undocumented Immigrants1499 Words   |  6 Pages Although the number of illegal immigrants is substantially growing on a daily basis, the national health care policies seem to fail in addressing their medical needs. This, however, is becoming a growing challenge because of the conflicts between medical ethics and immigration laws. Despite the alluded hope for this patients group within the immigration reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) fails to alleviate the burden of their unmet health care needs. Advocates o f theirRead MoreThe Ethnography Labor And Legality1233 Words   |  5 PagesSarah Rodrigues Dr. Melissa Goodman Elgar Anthropology 101.02 10 December 2015 Labor and Legality The ethnography Labor and Legality is based on the experiences of ten different undocumented immigrant men living and working in the Chicago area. These men have been called the Lions by the author because they all originate from the same city in Mexico called Le?n. These men differ meaningfully in their beliefs, experiences, and plans for the future, but they also have important things in common. TheyRead MoreAnti- Immigration Attitudes in America Essay608 Words   |  3 Pagesdriven hate crimes and the overall human treatment of immigrants and foreigners today, and must be changed by first changing the anti-immigrant attitudes in America. The social structures of politics and laws affect both immigrants and U.S. citizens alike and can only be changed by reforming America’s immigration system. Racial prejudice and nativism are still social issues that define our present reality and affect us all. Everyday, immigrants in America find themselves victims of hate crimes likeRead MoreIllegal Immigrants In America Have Contributed Massively1352 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal immigrants in America have contributed massively to the Economy and researchers have facts and evidence to back up their finding. For the most part many people are not educated enough about the concept illegal immigrants or don’t bother to look for the fact about illegal immigrants. Their contribution to the economy is very productive, according to the institute on taxation and economy: Collectively, undocumented immigrants in the United States pay an estimated total of $11.74 billion in

The Cause Of Separation Anxiety Disorder - 1809 Words

Today, the exact cause of Separation Anxiety Disorder is unknown (According to an article by Psychology Today). Although the exact cause is unknown, we do know of some risk factors. According to various articles, kids that come from very united families are more likely to develop SAD if separation from a parent occurs or a traumatic event such as, physical assault occurs. Boston Children’s Hospital says that, â€Å"†¦a child can also inherit that parent’s anxiety†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"†¦anxiety may be learned from family members and others who are noticeably stressed or anxious around a child.† Those are only some ways a kid might end up developing SAD. Various articles also suggest that a factor that seems to be common in kids with Separation Anxiety†¦show more content†¦Kids or teens with Separation Anxiety Disorder may also begin to experience changes as was the case for Janna Hakims sibling’s. Janna and her two brothers were all born in the U.S. but her mother was not she was Palestinian. Janna explains that she was in shock when one morning she saw her mother being arrested by ICE. Janna also mentions that after her mother’s deportation her family fell completely apart. Her youngest brother 13, at the time of her mother’s deportation began to wet his bed, and her 15-year-old brother began to do drugs and got involved in gang activities. Any one whit ASD will experience changes some will be negative like Janna’s 15-year-old brother and some like her 13-year-old brother won’t be so bad; but they may need the help of a professional, such as a counseling psychologist, to overcome SAD. How is SAD diagnosed? â€Å"For a diagnosis of separation anxiety disorder, a clinician looks for distress in being separated from—or anticipating separation from—parents or caregivers that s excessive for a child s age and prevents him from participating in age-appropriate activiti es.† (according to Child Mind Institute). The symptoms are crucial in determining whether the kid or adolescent has SAD. Some are the SAD symptoms are normal in little kids perhaps on their first day of school when they don’t want their parents to leave them. InShow MoreRelatedSeparation Anxiety Disorders And Children Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages Separation Anxiety Disorders in Parents and Children Christa Conrad Antelope Valley College Introduction to Psychology - PSY101 Professor Laurel Johnson Monday, November 14, 2016 Abstract The differences between Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD) and the similar disorder, Attachment Anxiety Disorder, were examined to show that the disorders are alike. The causes of Separation Anxiety Disorder and the symptoms in which a child could be diagnosed were discussed. Following that, theRead MoreSeparation Anxiety : A Type Of An Attachment Disorder1232 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom some type of disorders. Separation anxiety is one of them. According to the www.attachment.org website, â€Å"this disorder is a type of an attachment disorder that is usually observed by young children, who feel they are getting lack of affection and attention from parents or their caregivers due to separation.† I believe that many people feel unsafe being alone and they are afraid to be alone. However, due to inescapable situation or technology or laziness they face separation, loneliness, and fearRead MoreSeparation Of Separation Anxiety Disorder1017 Words   |  5 PagesSeparation anxiety D isorder Have you ever been attached to something? Have you ever thought or felt that your life couldn’t continue without this object? Separation anxiety is very common, statistic show that at least thirty three percent of the population has this disorder. This disorder is the fear of being separated from something or someone. The subject with the disorder views separation as detrimental to their well-being. Caregivers, stuff animals, money, and cell phones are examples of objectsRead MoreSeparation Anxiety As A Medical Condition1143 Words   |  5 Pagesshe is not there to comfort him and care for him could this be separation anxiety. Separation Anxiety Disorder is a medical condition were children usually ranging in ages from 8 months to 14 years of age have distress when they are away from their parents and/or caregiver. Separation Anxiety can affect a person’s life dramatically by limiting them from engaging in ordinary day-to-day activities. Children with separation anx iety disorder may become severely anxious and agitated even when just anticipatingRead MoreSeparation Anxiety : A Normal Part Of Childhood Development1463 Words   |  6 Pages Separation Anxiety often known as SAD refers to a developmental stage in which a child experiences anxiety due to separation from the primary caregiver (usually the mother). It is considered to be a normal part of childhood development. The normal stage occurs around eight months of age and can last up until the child is fourteen months old. Babies and toddlers are not the only ones that suffer from this disorder. When people would see children crying once their parents would hand them to someoneRead MoreSeparation Of Separation Anxiety Disorder1312 Words   |  6 Pages Separation Anxiety Disorder Folasade Oyekoya Bowie State University â€Æ' Abstracts: Sam has a separation anxiety disorder; Separation Anxiety is a normal stage of life that fade at a certain stage, it becomes a disorder when it persist in individual under 18 for at least four weeks and for the adult for over six month or more. It’s becomes a disorder that causes distress for a child or teenager when separating from the parent or care giver. This can affect the child development andRead MoreLong Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Separation Anxiety Abstract This report delves into the connection between childhood separation anxiety disorder and the long-term implications that it may have. To understand the connections I preformed secondary research through â€Å"Academic Search Complete†. I found that childhood separation anxiety disorder is connected with serious mental disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, social phobias, depression, and behavior disorders. Many studies have shown that childhood separation anxietyRead MoreReflection On Separation Anxiety Disorder1315 Words   |  6 Pagesleaving them for good and cause anxiety in the child. The anxiety starts to develop as the child is continually separated from their loved ones and thus develops into separation anxiety. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), as defined by Christopher A. Kearney in the article Separation Anxiety Disorder in Young Children, refers to developmentally appropriate distress regarding separation from significant others. Most young children can regulate their distress after separation, but young children whoRead MoreMental Disorders : A Psychological Disorder1178 Words   |  5 PagesA psychological disorder, also known as a mental disorder, is a pattern of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. These symptoms are characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual s cognitive, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental process underlying mental functioning. Mental disorders are usually associated withRead MoreSeparation Anxiety And Its Effects On Children1560 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of separati on anxiety, a developmental phase that most children go through during their early years. Separation anxiety is most likely to occur in child with a family history of anxiety/depression, child who are shy, children who have a lack of appropriate parental interaction, and overprotective parents. Separation anxiety is one of the most common anxiety disorders in children affecting one out of twenty. It is a developmental stage during which the child experiences anxiety when separated

How is Tess seen to suffer in Tess of the Durbervilles Essay Example For Students

How is Tess seen to suffer in Tess of the Durbervilles Essay Tess undergoes immense suffering, throughout the whole novel. This is very well displayed by Thomas Hardys excellent usage of language. He expertly describes Tesss actions and language. Hardy also vividly describes what Tess feels and other peoples behaviour towards her. The very first case of suffering starts when Tess had to get up extremely early in the morning to take the hives to market. Tess had to light the lantern on the cart and drive to market. Tess was exhausted. This is the first example of physical suffering that Tess undergoes in the novel. Tess was so tired that she actually fell asleep whilst driving the cart. Tess was woken by a sudden jerk. She realized that she had been asleep for some time and she had travelled a fair way down the road. Tess found that the cart was on the wrong side of the road, and that the cart had stopped. There was a low groaning sound coming from her horse, Prince. He had been wounded very badly and as a result of this, he later died. This is where Tesss emotional suffering began. Tess felt very upset and felt she was entirely to blame. Her face was described as being dry and pale and her little bother asked is he gone to heaven? Tess regarded herself a murdereress. The next case of suffering occurs when Tess meets Alec Durberville for the first time. Tess feels out place here, as she feels inferior to him. Hardy shows this by describing Tesss sense of ludicrousness in her errand and he tells of how Tess is in awe of Alec. This makes Tess feel very uncomfortable. Tess had gone to the Durbervilles house to claim kin, as she belonged to a poor family and were seeking financial support and a better way of life. Tess feels very uneasy and uncomfortable when facing that situation, as she thinks that Alec Durberville will look down on her because she is of a different class to him. Tess was not too keen to go in the first instance and she was embarrassed to be telling him the reason that she had come. She tells him how she feels it is so very foolish. This is another example of Tesss emotional suffering. Following on from the first meeting, Tess had another encounter with Alec Durberville. This next meeting occurred near the home of Tess and her family. A cart had been sent to pick Tess up, as she was going to work for Mrs Durberville. When the cart came for Tess, she mounted the cart that Alec had brought instead. Hardy describes how Tess would have preferred the humble cart, as she would rather be treated like a poor woman instead of being treated as a rich lady. This indicates how humble Tess is and that she does not want to accept any special treatment from her new found kin. Tess shows pride to be who she is. Alec mounted the cart beside Tess and drove rapidly over the crest of the first hill. Along the way, Alec showered Tess with compliments, which made her feel rather uncomfortable and slightly intimidated, such as calling her a brave bouncing girl and my beauty. He embarrasses her by asking let me put one little kiss on those holmberry lips Ever since the accident with her fathers horse and cart, Tess had become exceedingly timid on wheels, the least irregularity of motion startled her. Tess then began to feel rather uneasy at Alec Durbervilles reckless driving. .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .postImageUrl , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:hover , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:visited , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:active { border:0!important; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:active , .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7bad1ca47dcf6be4b28acfe6f22d294c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Handmaids Tale EssayTess shows her nervousness by asking Alec questions, such as You will slow down, sir, I suppose? It is here that Alec starts teasing Tess by saying things like, why I always go down at full gallop and theres nothing like it for raising your spirits. Alec seemed to take great pleasure in making Tess feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. Alec liked to tease and frighten Tess. They continued on their journey and the faster the cart bumped along, the more scared Tess became. Tess grabbed on to Alec, as she was scared that she might fall out of the cart. When the cart had eventually slowed down and Alec mentioned to Tess that she was still holding his arm, she removed her hand immediately and felt very embarrassed. She then refused to hold onto him again. As the cart went faster, her hat blew off. Tess went to fetch her hat. She felt uneasy, and Alec was not kind to her as he found this highly amusing. Tess then refused to remount the cart and sit beside him. She told him no; I shall walk. Alec replied tis 5 or 6 miles yet to Trantridge, to which Tess replied I dont care if tis dozens. Alec Durberville became very annoyed at this and started to curse and swear at Tess. Tess by now had had enough and cried out with great spirit which was unusual for Tess. She said to Alec, I hate and detest you! She also threatened to return home to her mother. Upon witnessing her temper, Alec laughed at Tess, which made her feel upset and slightly embarrassed although most of all she was angry with him. The next episode of great emotional suffering happens much later on, when Tess wishes to confess to Angel of her past and wishes to confess the incident that happened with Alec Durberville. After her confession, Tess was brave and did not weep. She then despairs and asks Angel to forgive her. He cruelly replies, you were one person; now you are another. At this, he broke into horrible laughter. This made Tess very upset as she did not know what he was thinking. He was also very harsh in saying, the woman I have been loving is not you, it is another woman in your shape. Tess by now, was very distressed at Angels reaction and she was left in a state of suspense and confusion as he left the room. Tess tried pleading with Angel, arguing that she was merely a child when it happened and that she knew nothing of men. Tess asked if Angel could forgive her, to which he replied that he would. However when asked by Tess if he still loved her, he did not reply. Tess then continues to argue her case, but Angel silenced her. Tess felt helpless and miserable, as she felt that Angel was being highly unreasonable. This is an example of great emotional suffering in the novel, as Tess could not help Angels reaction. Another example of immense suffering occurs at Flintcomb-Ash, whilst Tess was working at the threshing machine. Hardys use of language here is excellent, as he vividly describes the threshing machine as a red tyrant and a cruel leader. This displays the suffering well. Hardy also tells how the women serve the machine. The word serve implies that the machine somehow has control over them. Hardy tells of how the machine keeps up a despotic demand upon the endurance of their muscles. This displays great physical suffering and the reader can almost picture the scene in their head. Further on, there is also an example of the poor working conditions and the long hours which Tess had to work. This is helped by the description of a hasty lunch. It emphasises the hurrying and the urgency and rush of work. It also shows that they had to eat in the dirty surroundings of the machinery. They worked in awful conditions. Another example of awful working conditions is shown, by describing how workers were stood near the revolving wire cage. This is very dangerous and there were no safety guards on any of the machines. .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .postImageUrl , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:hover , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:visited , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:active { border:0!important; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:active , .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u69ca5878ebb80b8dfe295ed2f73666dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf EssayTess was exhausted at the end of every working day and Hardy shows this by using good descriptive phrases such as, for Tess there was no respite. Hardy also uses strong adjectives in his sentences, for example, when he described Tess as being too utterly exhausted to speak louder. As you can see, this novel is full of both physical and emotional suffering, throughout Tesss whole life and these were only a few examples. I think that Hardy successfully and vividly describes Tesss life with great emotion.

What Are the Major Problems with Regard to the Collection of Crime Statistics Essay Sample free essay sample

There are two chief beginnings for published offense statistics ; the British Crime Survey. a face to confront victimization study. covering experiences of offense in the old 12 months. and constabularies recorded offense which is supplied by 43 different territorial constabulary forces on a monthly footing ( Home Office. 2011 ) . Both beginnings have different strengths and failings such as constabularies discretion for entering certain offenses or the clip period covered in the British Crime Survey ( Walker et al 2006 ) . Besides. both beginnings cover different countries of offense in greater deepnesss. for illustration. constabulary recorded offense provides a more fuller image for the degrees of chargeable offenses such as homicides. The British Crime Survey can supply a more accurate image of drumhead offenses that may be live or unreported to the constabulary. Entirely. the beginnings fail to supply an accurate image for offense statistics. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Major Problems with Regard to the Collection of Crime Statistics? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page but when used jointly. it is possible to derive a Fuller image for offense statistics. On a monthly footing. 43 national constabulary forces provide informations that make up the official constabulary recorded offense statistics. The information provided by the constabulary contain major booby traps and so can non be taken at face value to organize an accurate figure of offenses reported in the official statistics. There are three important factors which shape the statistics published ; formal recording regulations. the entering behavior of the constabulary and the describing behavior of the populace ( Maguire. 2006 ) . First. the recorded offense statistics do non include all offense classs. being to a great extent weighted by chargeable offenses such as homicide. which are triable in the Crown Court merely. This means that a huge bulk of drumhead offenses. such as child assaults which are tried in a Magistrates Court. are non reported in the official statistics published by the Home Office. Further to this. the recorded offense statistics do non include high degrees of revenue enhancement and benefit fraud. although internal records are kept of the latter offenses. By excepting many drumhead offenses and fraud instances. we can non garner a full and accurate image of offense statistics. However. to rectify this job. the Home Office has made alterations in 1998/9 to include more drumhead offen se classs such as common assault. torment and assault on a constable which added over 250. 000 excess offenses. This addition. although unreal. to an single unaware of the trifles. would propose an utmost addition in the degrees of violent offense. although this is non really the instance. A farther issue with the recording regulations of the constabulary is how offense is counted. Several offenses may be committed in a short infinite of clip and is accordingly regarded as one offense. for illustration a stealer may steal from a three people. this would be regarded as one sole offense. In 1967. following the recommendations of the Perks Committee. clearer numeration regulations were put in topographic point ( Maguire. 2006 ) . However. these regulations were farther revised in 1998 to take a more victim based attack to numbering offense. so utilizing the old illustration of a stealer stealing from three people. whereas antecedently. these offenses would be counted as one offense. following the new regulations. the stealer would be accountable for three separate offenses as there are three victims. Although the regulations have been revised. some offenses have non been effected by the alterations. this includes on-going domestic maltreatment. This is because. although there are many different occasions of assault. there is merely one victim. therefore merely one offense has been committed. With the inclusion of more offenses and the alterations in numeration regulations. it can be said that there has been an addition in the figure of offenses reported in the constabulary recorded statistics of around 14 % from 1997/8 to 1998/9 ( Home Office. 2001:28 ) Although the official recording regulations provide the rudimentss for entering offense. there is still room for Chloe Wraight. Level 4 Applied Criminology constabularies discretion. Police entering behavior plays a major function in the low degrees of drumhead offenses that appear in the published statistics. It has been found. by organic structures such as the Audit Commission that certain constabulary forces have been apt for under recording ( Audit Commission 2004 ) . In order to assist decide this issue. the National Crime Recording Standards ( NCRS ) was introduced in 2002. This aimed to better the honestness of constabulary recording and consistence between forces. The criterions were introduced in order to bring forth a closer consistence between offenses logged by the populace and those that went on to be recorded as offenses by the constabulary. making the premise that any incident reported by the populace to the constabulary should be recorded as a offense. This should merely so be removed from the offense records one time there is grounds to propose that the offense had non been com mitted. This would so supply a fuller image of offenses in the official statistics. However. it is non possible to command police discretion when constabulary discover crimes themselves whilst out on patrol as they can turn a blind oculus to certain behaviors. The describing behavior of the populace can hold a important impact on the figure of offenses that reach the published offense statistics as the majority of offense reported comes from the populace. So any alterations in describing behavior can hold great impacts on offense tendencies. There are many factors as to why persons may or may non describe offense to the constabulary including alterations in engineering. such as the debut of Mobile phones which has made the coverage offense easier and so could take to an addition in the figure of offenses recorded. Besides. the addition in insurance policies may hold an impact on the addition of recorded offenses as it would be necessary to hold grounds to back up an insurance claim. The most important ground as to why people do or make non describe offenses is the p osition of the constabulary and their response to offense. It can be said that certain offenses. such as drug usage may non be reported to the constabulary as some persons may experience that nil would be done about the offense and so would be blowing their ain and police clip. However. we can see an betterment in the positions of constabulary through the rise in recorded colza. due to the betterment in intervention of victims and the constabulary believing more histories of colza ( Blair 1984 ) . hence more victims of colza have come frontward. Finally. constabulary statistics do non incorporate of import information. viz. the context in which certain offenses have been committed. for illustration. robbery provides a diverse set of condemnable Acts of the Apostless. runing from organized robbery to snaping a bag therefore we can non to the full understand the badness of the offenses that are published in official statistics. In decision. with respect to patrol recorded statistics. it can be said that we can non supply any unequivocal replies about offense statistics with concern to tendencies. forms and contexts of offense due to the major ruins in how offense is recorded. reported and counted. The 2nd beginning of offense statistics is the British Crime Survey ( BCS ) which is an official option to patrol recorded statistics. The British Crime Survey is a face to confront study where the interviewee is asked about their experiences of offense in old 12 months and besides their attitudes towards the constabulary and the Criminal Justice System. The BCS purposes to bring forth a fuller image of offense compared to the offense statistics with respect to certain types of offense ( Mayhew and Hough. 1988 ) utilizing a representative sample of families in England and Wales of persons in the families over the age of 16. If the person has been a victim of offense in the clip period of the old 12 months. they will finish a victim signifier ( Maguire. 2006 ) Further to this. the person will finish self completion faculties. These respect certain subject countries which may be uncomfortable to speak about to an interviewer. The ego Chloe Wraight. Level 4 Applied Criminology completion faculties cover subjects such as illicit drug usage. sexual assault. domestic force and still hunt. These faculties are completed by the person on the interviewers laptop and one time answered. the replies are hidden ( Home Office. 2011 ) . This can supply positive effects on consequences of sensitive subjects as the person may experience more comfy replying inquiries in private. Besides. this could avoid issues. chiefly with domestic force. with the culprit being present whilst the interview is taking topographic point. Self study faculties allows the person to describe such offenses without fright of farther force from the culprit. A failing of the British Crime Survey is that it does non include many vulnerable groups of people who are more likely to be influenced by offense. including stateless people and those populating in establishments. This could hold a major impact on how representative the consequences gained really are of the whole population. The British Crime Survey. like recorded offense. does non supply a true image of offense as it does non include offenses that are victimless and offenses set uping those under 16. It besides fails to include new offenses. such as fictile card offenses. due to consistency with the inquiries asked in the study. In decision. it is apparent that when utilizing the two informations beginnings together. we can derive a Fuller apprehension of offense rates within England and Wales. unlike when used individually where it is merely possible to derive a partial image of offense rates. Where the British Crime Survey highlights the fact that there is really 75 % of offense that goes unrecorded by the constabulary. it increases offense statistics dramatically. but this chiefly includes fiddling offenses. The BCS besides shows more unusual offenses. but it is less successful in demoing offenses where the victim knows the wrongdoer such as sexual offenses. these are more dominant in constabulary re corded offenses. Crime statistics are merely grounds about societal and political alterations within a clip period that consequence condemnable behavior. it is non conclusive findings about how much offense rates have increased or decreased in a certain clip period. Statisticss are besides non immune to societal alteration over clip. As stated before. many offenses are brought to visible radiation through public coverage behavior. If a certain behavior. which is condemnable. has become more tolerated over clip due to societal alterations it is less likely to hold a high rate within the official statistics. unless targeted by the constabulary. Mentions: Chloe Wraight. Level 4 Applied Criminology Word Count: 1. 709 Reference List Audit Commission ( 2004 ) . Bettering the Quality of Crime Records in Police Authorities and Forces in England and Wales. London: Audit Commission Blair. I. ( 1984 ) . Investigating Rape: A New Approach for the Police. London: Croom Helm. Home Office. ( 2001 ) . Condemnable Statistics. England and Wales 2000. London: Home Office Home Office. ( 2011 ) . Users Guide to Home Office Crime Statistics. London: Home Office Maguire. M. . Morgan. R. . Reiner. R. ( 2006 ) Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 4th Edition. Chapter 10. Oxford: Oxford University Press Mayhew. P. and Hough. J. M. ( 1988 ) . ‘ The British Crime Survey: Beginnings and Impact’ . in M. Maguire and J. Indicating. Victims of Crime: A New Deal? . Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Walker. A. . Kershaw. C. . Nicholas. S. ( 2006 ) . Crime in England and Wales 2005/06. London: Home Office

The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis Essay Example For Students

The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis Essay The novel Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant is one of Tylers more complex because it involves not only the growth of the mother, Pearl Tull, but each of her children as well. Pearl must except her faults in raising her children, and her children must all face their own loneliness, jealousy, or imperfection. It is in doing this that they find connections to their family. They find growth through suffering. Cody Tull, the oldest child and the one most damaged by the failure of his parents marriage he becomes an aggressive, quarrelsome efficiency expert.Voelker 126 He feels that it his fault that Beck, the father, left. Especially when they bring up the arrow incident. Cody never really feels like a family as he expresses: You think were a familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦when in particles, torn apart, torn all over the place?Tyler 294. He never recovers from his father leaving. We will write a custom essay on The novel Dinner at the Homesick Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The optimism of Ezra is never noticed by the family. He never let his past affect his life and very little bothered him. The family does not notice his optimism because Cody resented it, Jenny ignored it and Pearl misunderstood it. His optimism is shown when Cody is reflecting on their childhood, about how bad it was and how their mother was a shrieking witch. Ezra responds, She wasnt always angry. Really she was angry very seldom, only a few times widely spaced, that happened to stick in your mindTyler 295. Even though Ezra felt his childhood was not that unhappy, he never feel his family is a whole because of Codys jealousy, Jennys isolation and Pearls confusion. Ezra creates and manages a restaurant that corrects the excessive closeness of his family with an atmosphere that consoles the customer while making no demands.Volker 126 This was his idealistic home. Jenny, the youngest, becomes a pediatrician, a professional mother, who can avoid stifling emotional obligations.Volker 126 She, as a child, ignores most of whats going on so that no emotional harm is done to her. Jenny exclaimed: We made it didnt we? We did grow up. Why, the three of us turned out fine., as if she has no regrets nor has made no mistakes. This shows how she ignores and avoided emotional conflict throughout her life. Pearl often wondered how other families worked and why hers didnt. At one point late in life she indulges in the signal act of idealization imagining the lives of other, happy familiesVoelker 128. She always kept outsiders out of the lives of the Tulls. She did this for two reasons. The first was so no one could see their problems and the second was so her children couldnt see what they were missing. Closed families produce people less socially and personally satisfied. For instance, the son or daughter in a family business may tell the parent what to do with the business, but their relationship problem is never really resolved. It is just deferred until the next argument. This is an immature  way of dealing with a situation one cannot cope with. When family becomes locked into a particular pattern of inter-family strife and too many unspoken areas of responsibility and commitment occur the family will crumble. In another of Tylers novels, The Accidental Tourist, this is the problem with Macons family. It leads to problems with his wife. After his son dies his feelings are numb. He never opens up until an outsider, Muriel puts him in touch with the world again and real life. This is also the problem with the Tulls. When Ezra wants to become a partner with Ms. Scarlatti his mother tries to persuade him not to, even though it would benefit him greatly. Unfortunately, Pearl sees the world outside her family as alien. Even Ms. Scarlattis generous offer was a threat to the family. Because of this no guest ever came to the Tull house and when Pearl saw Josiah Payson at the house with Jenny she rudely insulted him so he would leave. She employs her practical skills to make the home airtight and efficient, her manipulative skills to bind her children to herVolker 128. This is how Pearl kept her family closed. .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .postImageUrl , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:visited , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:active { border:0!important; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:active , .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710 .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u94e4169d7202ba53d33fec9b53f74710:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Steinbeck exposes the racism that was prevalent at that time in America through the character of Crooks EssayThis double standard Pearl set explains why Cody, Ezra, and Jenny were successful in their careers even though they failed in their relationships with each other as a family. There upbringing in a closed family was destructive and like Macon, from The Accidental Tourist, they did not open up and flourish until they were exposed to the outside world. Whether short or drawn out all growing is painful. It tests a family for what its worth. Growth shapes a familys relationships, identities, and values. However families can not grow without suffering. That suffering is part of the growing process, which includes giving up personal choices, jealousies and animosities. So it is true to say that family life involves some suffering for the individuals and the group but hopefully it is for the better for more acceptance and love of one another.

The Not-So Perfect Reality Professor Ramos Blog

The Not-So Perfect Reality The Not-So Perfect Reality Many of us have our own idea of the perfect reality. We might have fantasies of living in the perfect white picket fence house in the country-side or of living a luxurious apartment in the city. Our dreams might involve being a successful business person or settling down to start your own perfect family. No how bad you want it or how much you’re willing to give up- it’s not always achievable. Sometimes we see others who are living our perfect reality and are forced to face the bitter truth. I can’t have it all. In Sandra Cisneros’ storyNever Marry a Mexican,the protagonist Clemencia was forced to realize this. Her jealously was a recurring theme throughout the entire story when she had to face the fact that a red headed woman from Texas was living her dream. Clemencia was a young woman who was born in Mexico and prides herself as being a helpless romantic even though she would swear to never marry. Though she was helplessly romantic, she was also unwillingly materialistic and admired her father primarily for the fact that he wore ‘quality clothing’. Like many young girls, she dreamt of belonging to a man and â€Å"couldn’t wait to be shown off on his arm like an expensive jewel, brilliant in the light of day† (Cisneros). This innocent dream of hers was dissuaded by her mother who had married her father at a very young age with no reason and constantly told Clemencia that she should Never Marry a Mexican. She eventually discovered that her mother was cheating on her father- which left Clemencia feeling betrayed and detached from her mother. Studies show that a parent’s infidelity harms the emotional development that children feel- especially when a relationship ends in divorce and increases the probabilit y that the child will to experience infidelities within their own relationships. Just as the majority of little girls see their fathers as being their hero, Clemencia greatly admired her father. In her youth, she would imagine a younger version of her father dressed in expensive, show-off clothing. She idolized the fact that his clothing was expensive. She describes him by saying, â€Å"My father in his shark-blue suits with the starched handkerchief in the breast pocket, his felt fedora, his tweed topcoat with the big shoulders, and heavy British wing tips with the pin-hole design on the heel and toe. Clothes that cost a lot. Expensive† (Cisneros). Though her father, along with his quality possessions faded away, Clemencia’s desire for quality stayed. Cheating is much more frequent then many realize. Studies show that at least 16% of married couples in the U.S have reported cheating during their marriage. Clemencia’s secret lover Drew, would have contributed to a part of this percentage. Clemencia strongly believed that Drew loved her more than he loved his wife Megan. She believed that she was the reason that Drew didn’t want to have kids with his wife, and that by telling Drew that he should give his wife a baby- she herself was creating the child. Both Clemencia and Megan loved Drew and when she realized that he loved his wife more- Clemencia was overcome with jealousy. Many of us can recall a time when we let our emotions such as jealousy control our thoughts and actions. An article found onParentsexplained that though jealousy within relationships is normal- excessive amounts of jealousy can definitely lead to issues. Megan represented herself as being a non-jealous type who was a living example of the phraseâ€Å"Ignorance is bliss†,while Clemencia portrayed herself as being the contrary and wished to dwell on the known. Almost all women would express great concern when their husband receives a phone call from another woman late at night. Instead of reacting off of her emotions- Megan woke her husband up to give him the phone which surprised Clemencia. Megan realized that even if he was cheating, there was still hope for their relationship because many relationships can recover from infidelity (Rewire). Clemencia, being a more reactive person struggled with jealousy throughout the entire story. On her last night she spent with Drew she went into the restroom. Upon seeing Megan’s quality items everywhere- which she had idolized since her youth but was never able to afford them with her salary, she became extremely jealous that Megan would have everything that she wanted- the man, the silk robe, the nice house, etc†¦ In pleading attempt to make things fairer, she took a bag of gummy bears out of her bad and hid them throughout all of Megan’s things. She hoped that maybe if Megan found out about the affair, she would leave Drew and he would finally be only hers. Imagine falling head over heels in love with somebody who didn’t want you. If the opportunity were to arise for you to have somebody who was just like them, would you take it? Chances are that you would. Even though she swore to never marry, Clemencia just wanted to be loved. Many years later, she became the teacher of Drew’s son. She came to peace with the idea that since she couldn’t have Drew, she would have the second-best thing. His son. She slept with him â€Å"to make him love [her] the way [she] loved his father†. Everyone wants the fairy tale ending, whether it be a white picket fence or a place in the city. More than that, they want to be loved, and they want to love somebody with all that they have. Unfortunately, sometimes life is cruel, and it doesn’t always work out that way. Some relationships survive through the trials and the triumphs- while others crash and burn. Jealousy might cause relationships to fail such as Drew’s and Clemencia’s, yet it might cause them to grow stronger like Megan’s and Drew’s. Sometimes we’re forced to make the most out of our not-so perfect reality. â€Å"If You Cheated, Is There Hope for Your Relationship?†Rewire, 19 Apr. 2019, rewire.org/love/cheated-hope-relationship/.nbsp;â€Å"Who Cheats More? The Demographics of Infidelity in America.†Institute for Family Studies, ifstudies.org/blog/who-cheats-more-the-demographics-of-cheating-in-america.Cisneros, Sandra. / Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. / New York, Vintage,1991.â€Å"What Kids Learn from Your Marriage.†Parents, parents.com/parenting/better-parenting/advice/what-kids-learn-from-your-marriage/.

1. Individualism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

1. Individualism - Essay Example Additionally, the process of decision-making must be such that it follows a universal rationality approach. Systemic rationality refers to the occurrences of the majority as defined by traditions, fiscal prices, communal norms, and customs, all of which cause free men to develop things that are superior to their understanding (Hayek 7-8). The implication is that true individualism values ordinary efforts by community or group, and family. Conversely, Hayek (22) the understanding of individuals is done best through separating them from the shared processes since the society and the individuals exist autonomous of each other. According to Hayek, the assumption is that individuals are strictly rational (10) and in order to participate in social processes, individuals are expected to readily and willingly adjust to alterations and remain submissive to standards that are beyond knowledgeable design (22). Additionally, false individualism disregards collaboration and the joint efforts of small groups to acknowledge coercive rules forced by states as responsible for establishing social ties. In this case, the state liberates individuals from forceful powers imposed on them by small groups. Rene Descartes and John Stuart Mill among others expressed this view. Hayek, however, warns that the individual has to be free in order for the society to be greater than the individual, but provided man is controlled and directed, the individual greater than the society (Hayek

Compares and contrasts formative, summative, and confirmative Research Paper

Compares and contrasts formative, summative, and confirmative evaluation in the instructional design process - Research Paper Example Here, the clarity, impact and feasibility of the message and the instruction are determined. In the small group evaluation, the entire group is handed similar feedback based on grouped outcome of the successes or difficulties. This effectively addresses the instruction rather than the learners. In the field trial evaluation, the instructor uses the design and course materials already modified twice to present a full-scale instructional session. Challenges with formative evaluation are often found in feasibility matters. Students’ capabilities, instructional environment and medium greatly impact the outcome of the stage. The motivation, independence and maturity of individual students will determine the required time to complete the stage (Smaldino, Rusell & Heinrich, 2005). Summative evaluation is beneficial because it is possible to develop consistent, standardized sets of information on each learner. It also creates a justification for wide-scale decision making in education programs. Summative evaluation uses two phases to assess the worth or merit of a program. The inclusion of external evaluators is beneficial because it adds value to the evaluation and design of the learning process and materials. In the expert judgment phase, feasibility, content, design and congruence analysis are examined. In the field trial phase, outcome and management analysis are examined. It further looks at the impact on the students, job and organization. Essentially, the performance of the group in relation to the set objective is analyzed by the instructional designer in various ways (Gagne, Wager & Keller, 2005). Organizational resources and needs are aligned with the program through congruence analysis; goals are identified through content analysis; sufficiency of modules of instructional strategies is evaluated through design analysis; and feasibility analysis is in relation to the materials’ utility. Summative evaluation is challenged when it comes to balanci ng process and product measures and preventing backwards implication; anticipating the scope of positive and negative consequences of using results of summative assessment; attending to both non-cognitive and affective features of flourishing academic programs; and the information’s timeliness (Gagne, Wager & Keller, 2005). In confirmative evaluation, there is a follow up of the students after they are out of the program. It is beneficial because instructors get to know their competitive levels and how well they are making use of the knowledge and information they gain from their programs. This is a marriage of the other evaluations and programs in continuous improvement. Unlike the other kinds used at the designing and learning levels, confirmative evaluation comes months after implementation of the program (Morrison, Ross & Kemp, 2004). Endurance of outcomes, efficiency and return on investments are tested. However, the challenge is that the evaluators and students are forc ed to commit themselves to the full scope of evaluation. Identifying and including all the stakeholders, especially decision makers and activity planners, is also a problem. Question Two Formative assessment is an ongoing measurement in educational preparation aiming at the improvement of student learning. It provides information crucial in the monitoring of an individual’

Financial Accounting Week 8 Course Project Assignment

Financial Accounting Week 8 Course Project - Assignment Example This paper tends to illustrate the different methods of depreciation and analyse the comparison between them with their effects in financial reporting in a business (Rezaee & Riley 2010). It is the widely used method in the United States by several companies and firms. This method charges equal amount of depreciation in each accounting period throughout the business period. It is applied by getting the difference between a company’s asset’s historical cost and its salvage value, the outcome is divided by the asset’s useful life. This method has a uniform and stable effect on business revenues and the asset value remains stable and is predictable throughout the accounting periods of the asset’s useful life (Cunningham & Cunningham 2004). This method assigns equal amount of expense to each unit of production of an asset or the service rendered by the asset. It involves determining the depreciation per unit of an asset by getting the difference between its historical cost and the salvage value, then dividing by the estimated units of production during its useful life. The company then determines the expense associated with the depreciation by multiplying the unit depreciation by the number of units produced (Benston 2006). This method of depreciation has varying effects on a company’s assets depending on the units of production. If the units of production are more, then the depreciation expense in the balance sheet will also be more, while less units of production leads to lesser depreciation expense (Rezaee & Riley 2010). Under this method, the amount of depreciation is determined by multiplying the depreciable costs by fractions based on the sum of the asset’s useful life. This method often results in write-offs than the straight-line method; however the write-offs are less than the double-declining method (Cunningham & Cunningham 2004). This method has an effect on the

Urban Waterfront Revitalization Through Landscape Approach Environmental Sciences Essay

Urban Waterfront Revitalization Through Landscape Approach Environmental Sciences Essay Urban waterfronts have heavily degraded and received bad perception from urban dwellers. There are needs of effective urban waterfront revitalization programs to achieve a sustainable development of those waterfronts. This research studies is to formulize a landscape approach principles into revitalization program of urban waterfront. This study uses archival analysis to identified type of urban waterfront revitalization programs around the world and to understanding the role of urban waterfront. Finally, it uses literature survey to identified design considerations of landscape approach. Expected results of the study would include the types of waterfront revitalization programs, role of urban waterfront and design consideration for waterfront landscape. They are expected to lead towards formalizing the urban waterfront revitalization principles based on landscape approach. After the introduction of the background problem, the proposal will present the literature on waterfront revita lization, urban waterfront and waterfront revitalization program, and describe the research methodology before presenting the expected results. This study contributes in developing principles for waterfront revitalization program. Besides adding value to existing urban assets, the proposed principles for waterfront revitalization program support the sustainable development agenda of the world. Keywords: Landscape approach, urban waterfront, waterfront revitalization program. 1.1 BACKGROUND Urban rivers provide many functions to the cities such as water supply, transportations, biological protections and promoting for the development of the cities with its social, economical and environmental values. However, with the not planned well urbanization, the rivers have been disturbed which resulting in degradation of urban ecosystem. River restoration has increasingly drawn attention, and corresponding activities have been carried out extensively (Holmes, 1998). Urban rivers that once were the most importance element of city were neglected. They were channelized and turn into big drain. The properties on its corridor turn their back to the river and the cities tried to treat river as unwanted thing. Nonetheless, river corridors remain as continuous natural feature within suburbanized landscapes, which make it more important resource for habitats restoration and nature preservation. The encroachments of development into this area have fragmented, diminished and divided the vegetation along this corridor into small patches. These lead to substantial loss of habitat and biodiversity especially in urban areas. Due to the natural recourses destruction in urban area, importance of rivers has become realize by city dwellers. It becomes important places for recreation and leisure. This why in recent years, the riverfront design and planning initiatives have increased. There are two major issues for this development, conservation and human use. Most of approaches for river developments have difficulties to deal with both of them, which they tend to choose either one. These lead to the failure of the project. This thesis aims to bring these issues together to inform the practice of landscape architecture. 1.2 APPROACH This research study used a set of literature addressed waterfront development around the world. The literatures have covered many perspectives such as ecological, historical, cultural and built design. Even though the literature review provides a broad overview of waterfront development, the designs and planning of these waterfront developments have been superficial especially in ecology perspectives. Furthermore, for river corridor development, most literatures are focusing to non-urban landscapes, leaving the river corridors in urban landscape open for exploration. 1.3 Problem statement 1.4 Research question 1.4.1 Main Research Question 1.4.2 sub Research Question 1.5 GOAL AND OBJECTIVES 1.5.1 GOALS Revitalize the urban river through comprehensive landscape design solutions. 1.5.2 OBJECTIVES To ensure the goal can be achieved, these objectives have been derived: To assess the literature on waterfront revitalization programs around the world. To assess the design that using landscape approach to understand their characteristic, strengths and weaknesses. To investigates and understand of the role of urban river to the users. To formulize the design principles for urban riverfront revitalization programs. 1.6 CHAPTER OUTLINE Chapter One introduces and contextualizes the research problems. The literature reviews are presented in Chapter Two. It examines the development of waterfronts, its design and planning approaches. Chapter Three is describing the research method. It analyze the landscape approach literature to define the concepts and highlight the principles that will guide the development of landscape design principles for urban riverfront on Chapter Four. Chapter Five summarizes the findings of this study; discuss the application of the principles and presents areas of further research. It is considered that the design principles here proposed will be useful for landscape architects, designers and planners in designing the waterfront. Hence, it is expected they will help designers establishing and creating sustainable waterfront that celebrating the past, enjoying the present and respecting the future of urban environment. Figure 1.1 Research design diagram 1.7 significant of study 1.8 TERMINOLOGIES 1.8.1 URBAN watercourse Walsh, Christopher J. et al. (2005) indicated that an urban watercourse is a formerly natural waterway that flows through a heavily populated area. Urban watercourses often significantly polluted due to urban runoff and combined with sewer outflows. 1.8.2 RIVER CORRIDOR From Malaysian Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) guidelines of river development (2004), river corridor is the area outside the river reserved and in 50 meters from the river-reserved boundary. 1.8.3 SUSTAINABLE watercourse The sustainable watercourse covers an important element in Agenda21 about sustainable development. This is because the watercourse have capacity to contribute in increasing biodiversity and profit from development, improving and enhance conditions of the areas and people who live surround it. Sustainable development elements are economic development, social progress, conservation of resources and protection of the environment (UN Earth Summit Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro, 1992). 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 WATERFRONT REVITALIZATION Hoyle et.al (1993, 2000) said that pioneer in waterfront rehabilitation studies was Canada in early 1970s. In his studies, he found out that focus of waterfront rehabilitation was including wide range of development such as recreational, residential, retail, commercial, service and tourist facilities. According to him and Breen et.al (1996), the development of waterfront in America and Europe has occurred since 1960s. Perspective that tent to integrate design, environmental, social and economic objectives more efficiently (Johes, 1998) was the European approach towards waterfront development in 1990s. Manning (1997) adding that no use or treatment of waterfront should be allowed to exclude recreational value that no feature or operation however mundane needs to lack an aesthetic aspect and finally that ever the demands of conserving fragile nature need not exclude people from the scene. In other part of the world, the development of waterfront is relatively recent phenomenal. Lately, many countries start to open their eyes on potential of their river. South of Korea has demonstrating some wonderful projects of river rehabilitation development such as Chengyecheon River and Han River rehabilitation project. Franco (2000) states that in Brazil, there are many proposals of waterfront projects have been presented since early 1990s, unfortunately, few have been implemented. Most of them are because lack of funds and supports. Waterfront project could be divided into six categories based on Bren and Rigby (1994) studies. This categorization was used by Breen and Rigby as tool to compile a huge numbers of designs. The categories are: historical, residential, recreational, cultural, environmental and working waterfront. Usually, the development of waterfronts would include one or more categories in order to support various demands to the site. There are many cases that the waterfront project have mixed-used characteristic. For example, a project that has ecological features may be designed infused with recreation, education and trails. These multipurpose designs are to encourage the maximum use of the space. Table 2.1 shows some of the waterfront projects that have a major characteristic but have several other features abound. This categorization does seem have significant role in effecting the frameworks and design either. In order to use the categorizations, the heuristic devise should be taken to emphasis the major characters of each project. Table 2.1 Waterfronts, their major character and uses No. Waterfront / City Major Character Uses Source 1 Baltimore Waterfront Mixed used Urban renewal; cultural complex, office, residential Breen and Rugby (1994) 2 Boston Waterfront Historical Public promenades, hotel, residential www.theboston waterfront.net 3 Charleston Waterfront Park Public Space Park, pier Thompson (1991) 4 Elbe River, Dresden Open Space Entertainment, art, park Friedrich (1998) 5 Elbe River, Hamburg Mixed used Transportation, residential Trelcat (2001) 6 Thames River, London docklands Public space Recreation, cultural Chaline 2001 7 Thames River, London Millennium Village Mixed use Promenades, institutions, residential, commercial Burdett (1998) 8 Thames River, London Millennium Dome Public space Recreation, cultural Arnold (1998) 9 Potomic River, Georgetown Historical Residential, office, public space www.georgetown waterfrontpark.org 10 South Platte River, Danver Public space Industrial landscape, park Leccese (2001) 11 Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires Mixed use Residential, commercial, service, open space Schneier Madanes (2001) 12 Aa River, Aarhus Public space Steam daylighting, trail Nielsen (1998) 13 Yarra River, Melbourne Cultural Residential, commercial, entertainment Sandercock Dovey (2002) 14 East River, New York Public space Promenades Freeman 2003 15 Meurthe River, Nancy Public space Promenades Bruel Delmar (1998) 16 San Antonio River, Texas Public space Commercial, hotel, entertainment, historical Posner (1991) 17 Maas River, Rotterdam Mixed use Public spaces, residential, office Mayer (1998) 18 Coal Harbour, Vancouver Residential Open space, office, marina Quayle (1991) 19 Danube River, Vienna Public space Dam, ecological restoration, leisure Hansjakob hansjakob (1998) 20 Chengyecheon River, Seoul Public space Historical, commercial, entertainment, cultural www.preservenet.com 2.3 Role of urban watercourse Urban watercourse is a waterways that flowing through the populated areas. It often in bad condition and heavily degraded. Many of urban rivers have been polluted mostly by urban storm water runoff and combined sewer system. Initially, such watercourses were managed as a resource for human benefit including water supply, flood mitigation, disposal of wastewater and minimization of disease (Walsh 2000; Paul and Meyer 2001; Morley and Karr 2002). However, this has led to the degradation of river ecological functioning, an issue that was initially ignored (Paul and Meyer 2001). Important factor for early settlement was water. Water transportation and construction of flood embankments have turn the water into the background of urban concerns. Most literature agree that these earlier settlements were settle where there were enough water and land for food production, and there were no or rare disaster related to water. Water management became the basis for religious and social institutions. As the region began to produce surplus food, there was a societies restructuring. Dubos (1972), a humanist, states that the urban areas are identified by evaluating their cultural practices in spite of changes in technology. Social scientists begin to acknowledge the water may have played a role in determining the social characteristics of urban areas (Lind, 1979). Increasing of impervious surface area modified of natural drainage system and local climate changes have stressed the urban river. The increasing in impervious area make the runoff of rainfall in urban area has increase, compared to rural area. Furthermore, installations of storm sewer, culverting and channelizing the natural river have transmitted the water into drainage network faster. These events increase the flow velocity, reduce the timing of the runoff hydrograph, increase the flow rates which finally giving a hydrological problem; flooding. In term of flood mitigation, authorities who in charge in river development have change the course of the river flow, in order to prevent localized flooding. They use engineering practices known as river channelization. These technologies including lining the riverbed and banks with concrete or other materials, divert the flow into storm drains and culverts. These changes are often bringing negative effects. It includes flooding of downstream due to changes in the floodplain, loss of habitat for fish and other species, fragmentation of riparian and others, leading to deterioration of water quality. Fortunately, some communities have taken some effort to correct these problems. Their effort is to deal with bank erosion, due to the large amount of rainwater and using technologies such as daylighting and re-meandering. Example of successful project of daylighting is Cheonggyecheon river restoration project. Another major problem of urban hydrology is water quality degradation. McPherson (1974) states that oil leakage and spill, mining activities, surface or streets have contaminated the urban river. Other factors in this problem are soil erosion from construction, industrial process effluents, and combined sewer overflows, urban storm runoff, leakage from septic tanks and cesspools and contamination. As a result of pollution in urban watercourse water, many of the biological and aesthetic functions of water in urban areas cannot be fully utilized, disrespect and sometimes leading to abandoning the river from urban life itself. Litte (1990) states that there has been increasing public concern for the protection of urban watercourse water. Numerous watercourse commissions have been establish in an effort to plan use and protection. There is reason to be optimistic about combining human use and natural environments as many river cities are rediscovering their waterfronts and commissioning planning studies (Kim et al., 1991). However, the effect of waterfront development projects is not always good. All development projects have environmental and economic impact, and the development of the waterfront is not an exception. Any development project that will benefit some people is inevitable. Social and environmental impacts of water development, a number of effects obtained are usually extends far beyond the design of the site itself. Ecologists, environmentalist and designers have difficulties to predict overall effects because of complex interaction of diverse forces. For example, current knowledge of the man made wetland ecosystem might desirable for present of time. Thus, unless the design and planning precedes by five to ten years, something unexpected situation might to develop which some with preferable effects or some are not. In the current state of the art, this group often has difficulties to convince engineers, economists, and politicians that certain developments are unwise, or spending for remedial measures because of lack of solid scientific evidence or facts. Furthermore, engineers traditionally handle an urban watercourse development project. Sadly, they often ignore the social and environmental considerations in their planning process.  In some cases, social scientists, landscape architects and environmentalist have been brought only after the damage (Biswas and Durie, 1971). In principle, it is expensive to fix compensation after they occur: It is cheaper to take preventive measures. However, overall framework for the planning, design and management of urban river corridors still not well establish. An integrated planning that concerns every aspect regarding to urban watercourse corridors revitalization program must be develop. 2.4 LAndscape approach design for waterfront The word landscape is a complex word appears in a wide range of scientific literature. Various authors have treated this topic. Saltzman (2001) overview the term of landscape as notion of landscape has changed and evolved over time and between the various fields of disciplines. Saltzman (2001) indicates that other disciplines has a different approach. For example, natural scientists are often focused on the biophysical environment related to the interaction between species or ongoing natural processes as a landscape. Landscape architects tends to view landscape as planning tool while for archaeologists, they are more interested in the memory of landscape and its temporal aspects. An ethnologist, anthropologists, in literature or even among other disciplines, the landscape term refers for other purposes. In this study, writer defined the landscape using the concept of landscape as Elbakidze and Angelstam (2007). They interpret landscape as social interactions between biophysical landscape and human society as a central idea. In European Landscape Convention, a landscape defined as an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors (Anon. 2000b). The Elbakidze Angelstam (2007) concluded that the social-ecological systems contain elements of both natural and cultural landscape is intertwining with each other. Landscape characters have developed by both physical and cultural factors that evolved over the years. These aspects of the landscape must to consider in addition to the biophysical environment. Therefore, to fully describing a landscape, the number of variables that representing all the dimensions of sustainability have to use (Forman et al 2003, Berkes 1995s, Anderson et al, 2005). To implementing such landscape, approach needed some changes to suit the reality. One is to include of the different perspectives from different disciplines. For example, as described by Angelstam and Richnau (2008), while forest and landscape planners and managers try to accommodate commodity and non-commodity values in the same management unit, conservationists often define functional conservation landscapes, and other stakeholders such as farming communities or district officials may refer to their cultural or livelihood landscapes (e.g., Innes and Hoen 2005). More important in landscape approach is to explore the resources sustainably and untraditionally. Attention has to be making in evaluate the relationship between human with human, human with nature and human with god.   The landscape approach sometimes can be use as basic for ecological development scheme. It deals with the physical, ecological and geographical entity, integrating all human and natural patterns and process. In addition, the structure, composition and function analysis helps in forecasting the landscape dynamic. Landscape approach ultimate goal is to maximize the long-term benefits for biodiversity for sustainable development. This can be achieve by optimizing the balance between economic purposes, ecology and social. A landscape approach that considers whats happening at both the local, water body scale and at the broader regional scale is really the only way to study these types of issues, Cheruvelil (2010) states. If you look at only one ecosystem in isolation, you dont see the whole picture. Wiens (2002) states that systematic analysis of conservation and restoration management for aquatic ecosystems in riverine is not a tradition. However, the complex interactions between land and water systems are getting recognition from governance policies, planning and management practices. Singer (2007) states that being a social-ecological system, the term landscape approach capture the need for applied interdisciplinary approaches. Term landscape approach also emphasizes the ecological effects of spatial patterns of ecosystem and brad spatial scales. It is including the exchange and interaction within the entire landscapes, dynamics of development and spatial heterogeneity, the influence of spatial heterogeneity of biological and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity. Risser (1984) and Angelstam (2004) reflects the idea that landscapes evolve through time, as a result of being acted upon by natural forces and human beings, which underlines that landscapes forms a whole, whose natural and socio-cultural components are taken together, not separately (Berkes et al., 2003). 2.5 summary 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction In order to conduct research on the application of landscape for the urban waterfront more effectively and achieve desired results, the method to be used in this study is divided into two main phases. Each phase consists of research method that leads to the gathering of constructive information needed to the realization of the targeted goals Phase One will be involve mostly on the data gathering; determination and review of available information while in Phase Two, based on the date acquired, a practical guidelines shall be formulated and analyzed. Detailed reasoning and clarification of the aforementioned methodology proposed are as per the next subchapter. 3.2 PHASE ONE DEtermine and review Vast collection of waterfront designs and frameworks from various literatures are collected. It is crucial to establish a good data management in order to have a full understanding of the subject and its related issues, either explicitly or holistically. The assessment of the data gathered in each project is necessary where these elements are identified: Design consideration of urban waterfront Proposed design Planning frameworks Based on the collected data, principles of the projects are reviewed, segregated and tabulated into a table of nine-design consideration, which are open space, human use, character, ecology, accessibility, land use, management, design issues and economy. It is easier to review the quality and impact of a particular project through a list of segregated factors, which will be helpful for the implementation of Phase 2. 3.3 PHASE TWO DESIGN Guideline formulation The segregated list of design consideration from Phase 1 will be further analyzed. Each factors, its correlation, priorities and impact is review and ranked. Next, the first five best design consideration which is implemented will be selected. From the selected design consideration, their principles are outlined in another table for analysis and incorporated in the guideline formulation. . 3.4 LIMITATIONs 3.3 PROCEDURES The research will be divided into 5 stages as show in the figure below: Stage 5 Final Product Figure 3.1: Study Approach Flow Chart 4.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Design and planning of Waterfront The existing frameworks and designs, which developed by government agencies, researches and private consulting firms, need to be examined and used as the base guidelines for proposed waterfront development and its design. This study applied the design concept definition by Lyle (1999). He stated that design activity is equals to the participation in the process of nature creatively, which means giving form to physical phenomena in every scale. The study also accepted his opinion on the difference of planning and design. Based on his judgment, planning involves administrative activities in spite of physical form shaping while design is the creative physical activity in all scale; this design definition is similar to those explained by Steinitz and McHarg. Even though this thesis is aimed to discuss the design of riverfronts, it is also deals with certain part of the framework planning stage. This is due to the close relation of design issues discussed in the planning stage. Even Lyle (1999) himself acknowledged that the design and planning are closely linked and sometimes indistinguishable. Boston, Baltimore and Toronto were among the pioneers and being the model for the waterfront issues (Penteado 2004). Since 1970s, several publications illustrated the analysis of these cities waterfront (e.g. Breen and Rigby 1996 and Brutomesso 1993). In Toronto, for example, different frameworks, design and planning for its metropolitan waters edge were introduced (e.g. Reid 1997). Central Waterfront Planning Committee (1976) in Toronto listed the physical properties that affecting the waterfront quality. They stated that it depends on the use, history, landscape, immediacy, views, activity, contrast, drama, intimacy, sound and wildlife. The Committee primarily focused on design, explores, and suggests the quality of the water edge form, visual quality, building materials and construction details, and a variety of uses. Waterfront design by Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs (1987) on the other hand addressed the following issues for designing waterfront; shoreline protection, public access area, beaches, recreational boating, landscape for improving the waterfront and urban design. Royal Commission on the Future of Toronto Waterfront RCTFW (1992) proposed a framework of design principles for its waterfront which incorporated nine significant principles: Clean: Incentive of natural processes instead of engineering solutions Green: Infrastructure composed of natural features and topography such as habitats, aquifers and parks Connection: Relation between wildlife habitats, social communities, humans and nature. Open: Maintenance and restoration of vistas Accessible: Incorporation of public transit Useable: Mix of public and private uses and public access Diverse: Variety of uses and programs Affordable: Efficient use of government resources and integration of socio economic and environmental objectives (RCTFW 1992) Attractive: Excellence in design to create memorable places Out of all frameworks reviewed, these principles above were the most comprehensive context in the establishment of a waterfront. They dealt with both natural systems and integration of human needs. In contrast, Reed (1997) focused on the minimization of the impact to natural habitats when designing a trail along the Ontario Lake and thus came out with design guidelines. He proposed that each design should: Avoid most sensitive zone Balance the effect of alternatives Use previous disturbed areas Maintain natural processes Limit access Incorporate habitat enhancements. Unfortunately, he failed to mention the wildlife in urban areas along the coast. Alternatively, the Metropolitan Toronto Planning Department (1994) developed a framework based on these principles: Accessibility Sharing the benefits Balance Diversity Responsible stewardship Many of the guidelines reviewed incorporate different principles. Another case in point is Landplan Co Ltd (1995) who proposed a framework design called generic guidelines for managing visual change in the landscape for the Toronto Waterfront. The general guidelines required these principles to be addressed: Residential Industrial Commercial Recreational Rural Historic area Community character Vegetation Signage Lighting Hierarchy of open spaces Several authors combined their expertise and formulated a framework for the waterfront development in the United States. One of them was from Harvard University Design (1980). They proposed a Guideline for East Boston, which was dealing with: Open space Public access Orientation Views Neighborhood scale Activity Parking There was a successful case where a comprehensive guideline was developed. Torre (1989) presented a framework of waterfront project design based on these principles: History Climate Special elements Image Authenticity Function Public perception of need Financial feasibility Environmental approvals Construction technology Effective management Goodwin and Good in 1990 formulated a framework to rebuild the waterfront in a small town. The framework displayed a list of six fundamentals in the planning process. They called them the tool and technique which are: Waterfront uses and activities Land use control and incentives Land acquisition Financing of riverfront revitalization Choosing and using consultants Obtaining waterfront development permits Coolman (Breen and Rigby 1990), stated that these general issues must be addressed during the development of design guidelines: Simplicity and clarity Compatibility with zoning Publication and communication Table 4.1 summarizes the information of frameworks and design presented above and others world recognized waterfront project. Table 4.1 Interpretation of concern presents in planning and design frameworks. Tick cells indicate the issues addressed by each framework. No Project, City/Literature Human use Open Space Character Ecology Accessibility L

Conventional Machining vs Non-Conventional Machining

lConventional Machining VS Non-Conventional Machining Conventional machining usually involves changing the shape of a workpiece using an implement made of a harder material. Using conventional methods to machine hard metals and alloys means increased demand of time and energy and therefore increases in costs; in some cases conventional machining may not be feasible. Conventional machining also costs in terms of tool wear and in loss of quality in the product owing to induced residual stresses during manufacture.With ever increasing demand for manufactured goods of hard alloys and metals, such as Inconel 718 or titanium, more interest has gravitated to non-conventional machining methods. Conventional machining can be defined as a process using mechanical (motion) energy. Non-conventional machining utilises other forms of energy. The three main forms of energy used in non-conventional machining processes are as follows : †¢ †¢ †¢ Thermal energy Chemical energy Electrical energy One example of machining using thermal energy is laser. Thermal methods have many advantages over conventional machining, but there are a few of disadvantages. Inconel 718, titanium and other hard metals and alloys have a very high melting point. Using thermal methods will require high energy input for these materials. Concentrating heat onto any material greatly affects its microstructure and will normally cause cracking, which may not be desirable. Safety requirements for thermal methods, especially laser, are demanding in terms of time and cost. Machining large areas or many surfaces at the same time using thermal methods is not normally possible. †¢ †¢ †¢ The methods using electrical energy are electrodischarge machining (EDM) and nodic machining (AM), which are similar in practice. EDM, often refered to as spark erosion, uses pulsed voltage to remove material from a workpiece and a non-conductive medium to clear the debris. Because the medium is electrica lly inert the tool is a direct reverse of the workpiece and no complicated tool design criteria are required. But the shock of spark erosion can affect the microstructure on the surface of the workpiece. Also, EDM has a lower material removal rate than AM. The chemicals used in AM are non-toxic and the energy required is less than other nonconventional machining processes.It has no effect on the microstructure of the workpiece. The electrolyte can even be common sea water, enabling AM to be used in a sub-sea capacity. The hardness and thermal resistivity of the workpiece material do not matter therefore hard metals and alloys can be machined using tools made from softer materials. The only disadvantage is that tool design is a little more complex than that of EDM, but software is being developed to make this easier. The controllability, environmental versatility, speed, safety and absence of change in workpiece microstructure make AM a competitive manufacturing process.

Criminal Justice Professionals and society

There are many types of people that make up our society. For criminal justice practitioners these people can be broken up in to two groups the law abiding citizens and the criminals. The role of the criminal justice practitioner can at time be simple for example: when it comes to the law abiding citizen the role is to serve and protect. But when it comes to criminal the role of the criminal justice practitioner can become complex. In this paper I will attempt to explore the criminal justice professional’s role in fulfilling society as well as individual needs.There are three parts that make up criminal justice police, courts, and corrections. Each part consists of professionals that play a role in contributing to the reform of key social issues. Issues like cyber crimes, drugs, and school shootings. Each of these issues need criminal justice practitioners on all three levels to aide in some type of reform to make the individual (the victim) and society feel safe. On the web si te Interpol 100 years of international police cooperation cybercrimes are said to be â€Å"one of the fastest growing areas of crime.†This is where criminals are taking to their computers to commit crimes like â€Å"Attacks against computer data and systems, identity theft, the distribution of child sexual abuse images, internet auction fraud, the penetration of online financial services, as well as the deployment of viruses, Botnets, and various email scams such as phishing†.. So how does cybercrimes impact criminal justice practitioners, with technology constantly changing the need for more education in technology and cyber laws are needed if the practitioner is going to effectively find and stop the criminals, dole out punishment as well as seek retribution for the victims.On of the saddest social issue plaguing America has to be school shootings. There are many instances of school shooting throughout history but the one that stands out to me is the Columbine High S chool shootings where on April 20, 1999 seventeen year old Dylan Klebold and eighteen year old Eric Harris committed suicide after killing twelve students, one teacher and wounding twenty-one others.While most of the country sadly wondered how and where did they get the guns and ammunition the criminal justice practitioners were hard at work gathering evidence, securing the crime scene, tending to the survivors and what I think is the hardest part informing parents that they’re children had died. In this instance the criminal justice practitioners were the police department, deputies, and armed security working for the school. I would imagine that after working the crime scene that many of the officers grieved right along with the families.As I researched this part of my paper I could not find one article on how this impacted the police all I can say is that as a parent I can only imagine that some of them must have needed counseling. I can also imagine the law makers coming together to find a way to prevent this kind of shooting from happening again. I would rather not get into the whole gun control issue because frankly I don’t believe there is a law that could be passed that would prevent guns from getting into the wrong hand.The only thing gun laws would do, is make it hard for law abiding citizens to protect themselves. Another issue that criminal justice practitioners have to deal with is drugs. This problem is widespread to say the least because it not only affects the user. It is a known fact that when people use drug they will do whatever it takes to feed their habit even break the law. Drug abusers commit crimes like prostitution, robbery, breaking and entering and assault. Trying to make a person stop using drugs is like trying to stop the sun from rising.A drug addict has to want to stop until that time it is up to the police to take steps to keep society safe. During the Reagan era there was a zero tolerance policy for drug abusers. This kept police and corrections officers busy because the policy was so strict that arrest and incarceration rates increased at a rapid pace. That was during the late 80’s and the war on drugs is still moving full steam ahead. The role of the criminal justice professional in serving individual and societal needs

Employee Selection Tool and the Interview Process Essays

Employee Selection Tool and the Interview Process Essays Employee Selection Tool and the Interview Process Essay Employee Selection Tool and the Interview Process Essay Employee Selection Tools and the Interview Process Axia College, University of Phoenix Choosing the best suited individuals who are highly skilled and adequately suited for an employment position has become a difficult and sometimes a time-consuming process for employers. Today’s job market has become so diverse and competitive that companies must implement resources that assist them in carefully evaluating the credentials, backgrounds, and abilities of each candidate. Therefore, it is essential that organizations possess the ability to properly and effectively select qualifying applicants for employment positions. Hence, the HR recruiters or department heads rely on various selection tools designed to prescreen, evaluate and objectively select the best qualified individuals for the position, which will eliminate the time and money spent processing less qualified applicants. Just as many large corporations and technologically advanced industries reach for highly educated, experienced, skilled and talented employees, smaller operations such as supermarkets must also consider the diversity and competitive nature of the job market. Therefore, it is essential that the human resources manager and department heads carefully evaluate each applicant just as efficiently as larger more complex organizations. Supermarkets contain an array of department within their organization. These departments may range from fresh produce and meat departments, merchandising and stock departments, to cash management areas and supervisory or executive heads. â€Å"In these to tough and competitive times, and certainly in tight labor markets, the need to hire the right talent the first time must be a top organizational strategy. states Sal Silvester, (2009). To make the proper selection though, recruiters in the supermarket must implement selection tools such as the application form, employee integrity and cognitive test, employee reference and employment verification checks as well as drug testing to ensure that the best suited individual is chosen that will effectively fill the vacant position as well as lead the company into future success. Silvester, S. , (2009). The first step, the application process, is requiring the applicant to complete an application for employment form. As explained by Bohlander and Snell, (2007), applications are selection tools designed to prescreen for experience and education allowing the employers to differentiate between possible qualified applicants and lesser experienced individuals. In essence, this will evidently save the employer time and money that would otherwise wasted processing each separate individual. After the candidates pass through the initial application and interview process, narrowing the selection of candidates even further requires more in-depth reviews, hence the employment integrity and cognitive testing enters. Integrity tests are designed to evaluate the applicants reactions to various ethical scenarios that involve, theft, misconduct and or corruption within the workplace while cognitive test are designed to reveal certain skills and abilities, which reflect the applicants deductive reasoning, comprehension, and problem solving capabilities. The use of these tests allows employers to minimize employee misconduct and efficiently to place individuals in the best suited positions. These tests, and the organizations ability to effectively manage them, may also potentially raise company moral and ethical standards. Bohlander and Snell, (2007) explains it as, â€Å"Employment tests are an objective and standardize measure of a sample of behavior that is used to gauge a person’s knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics in relation to other individuals. † Drug testing is a selection tool that has experienced recent debates in regards to its effectiveness as an effective tool for providing a safer work environment as well as its ability to raise employee productivity. Drug testing however, has been recognized to be predominantly more effective in industries in which safety is a critical element in the workforce or labor field. Therefore, supermarkets may fall into this category since there are various pieces of equipment used in the stores that require the employees to practice safe measures at all-times to eliminate potential dangers. For example, ladders may used by employees who stock shelves, and band saw may be used in areas like the meat department. Therefore, it is critical that employees be coherent and drug-free to ensure the safety of them and others while limiting the possible liabilities of the employer such as employee absenteeism, increased insurance premiums, and potentially devastating lawsuits. Bohlander and Snell, (2007) Although each of these selection tools may effectively assist the recruiters in choosing the appropriate individual for the position, cognitive and integrity testing however will more readily separate qualified applicant from lesser qualified individuals. Therefore, employment testing would be considered as the best selection tool designed for selecting the best suited individual in a supermarket setting, and more so, it would also prove as an effective device in areas such as a food and beverage director position, which has been selected for the final project. The position of food and beverage director requires the individual candidate to possess certain skills that include the ability to use deductive reasoning for problem-solving, effective management skills that allows the individual to efficiently direct individuals as well as to possess ethical and moral standards that will lead to success within the company and for the company. Considering the requirements for the position and the various selection tools used to evaluate the candidates, employment testing proves to be the best solution in determining these qualities in an individual. Although employee testing reveals the candidates abilities of deductive reasoning in problem-solving, effectively interviewing prospective candidates is a measure that should not be ignored, either. There are several methods that may be implemented in the interview approach. These methods may range from non-directive interviews in which the candidate is presented open-ended questions allowing them to freely express themselves to structured more directly focused interviews, which requires the applicant to relate more direct information in regards to his or her background, education and experience, and qualifications. In either case, interviews may be performed by a single interviewer presenting an atmosphere for a direct one-on-one approach, or by a panel of carefully selected individuals who are focused on obtaining the most qualified individual. Bohlander and Snell, (2007) The chosen direction of interview for the final project is the panel review method. The reason for which the method has been chosen is that a food and beverage director would be employed in an area of management; therefore requiring the individual to not only be qualified enough to carry out the various tasks of the position, but to also be able to communicate effectively with other supervisors, managers, or executive within the corporation. Panels that include the managers and or supervisors of various other departments closely related to the food and beverage director will be able to jointly collaborate and decide on the best candidate. According to Bohlander and Snell, (2007), advantages to this method could include higher reliability in the selection, acceptance of the selection, less bias or discrimination against the prospect, and essentially, less time and money spent evaluating prospects. Interviews are best effective when interviewers possess and implement a purpose and directive prior to beginning the interview. This requires the interviewer to possess the ability to be an active listener, effective observer, and to possess a certain degree of ethical standards that will enable the interviewer to be objective. To ensure that the interviewer can incorporate these standards within the interview process, questions to ask the applicant should be designed, which will enhance the interviewer’s objectiveness and ability to observe or listen. Question should also be designed to allow the individual being interviewed to effectively portray their abilities and qualifications in regards to the position being interviewed for. Examples of questions that would be used to effectively interview a prospect for the position of a food and beverage director may include the following which will be implemented into the final project. 1. Tell me about your experience in the Hospitality industry. 2. Why do you feel you would be best suited for this position? 3. Why do you wan to work in this position, in the Hospitality industry or even for this organization? 4. Explain what you feel is your best quality and if interviewed, would others feel the same? 5. Explain to me what others would say about your weaknesses and why? . If hired, where do you see yourself within this company in two years, five years, and ten years? 7. What other positions or jobs have you applied for or that you may be considering? 8. What are your goals in regards to your personal self, your family, or your career? 9. What significant characteristic, skill or ability do you feel you possess that will lead you to success in the position as well as being beneficial to the company? 10. Why should we hire you for the position rather than promoting from within or choosing another candidate? 11. What are you though about the company, the position, this interview and my effectiveness to perform the interview? Designing the question as described allows the interviewer to observe the applicants ability to focus on their qualities, communicate effectively, relate themselves to the position and the company, and to exhibit certain behavioral patterns that may reveal characteristics either beneficial or possibly detrimental to the work environment and the company. As one can perceive, selecting and hiring the right individual can be a difficult complex process. Employers; herefore must chose and develop strategies and selection tools such as employment testing, which will reveal skills in deductive reasoning and problem-solving, and to design question for the interview process that focus on the candidates past and present experiences, education, abilities, and behavioral characteristics. By carefully selecting the tools, designing the interview and incorporating others to be involv ed in the process can lead the company to higher success rates of employees creating long-term loyalty, higher moral, ethical standards, and customer satisfaction, and stability of the organization. Furthermore, by incorporating these practices into the employee selection process, companies will be able to focus on highly qualified applicant and be able to properly and effectively choose the right talent, highly skilled, and best qualified individual for the position. Reference Bohlander, G. W. , and Snell, S. A. , (2007) Managing Human Resources, 14th e. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from myesources. phoenix. edu Silvester, S. , (2009) Hiring the Right Talent. Retrieved December 15, 2009, from 512solutions. com/resources/downlods/talent. pdf